Carabineros y las radios son las instituciones más confiables para los chilenos, de acuerdo al sondeo realizado en septiembre del Centro de Estudios de la Realidad Contemporánea (CERC). La policía logra un 62 por ciento de las menciones, seguido por las emisoras (57 por ciento), la Iglesia Católica (51), la Marina y la Fuerza Aérea (49) y la Policía de Investigaciones (48).
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Hoy 30 de octubre de 1938, se cumplen 70 años desde que se ratificó el enorme potencial de atracción y credibilidad de este medio. En esa fecha, Orson Welles (1915-1985) y el Teatro Mercurio, bajo el sello de la CBS, adaptaron el clásico La guerra de los mundos, novela de ciencia ficción de H.G. Wells, a un guión de radio.
La historia es una extraordinaria adaptación del libro. Los hechos se relataron en forma de noticiario, narrando la caída de meteoritos que posteriormente corresponderían a los contenedores de naves marcianas que derrotarían a las fuerzas norteamericanas usando una especie de "rayo de calor" y gases venenosos. La introducción del programa explicaba que se trataba de una dramatización de la obra de H. G. Wells; en el minuto 40:30 aproximadamente aparecía el segundo mensaje aclaratorio, seguido de la narración en tercera persona de Orson Welles, quince minutos después de la alarma general del país, que llegó a pensar que estaba siendo invadido. Los oyentes que sintonizaron la emisión y no escucharon la introducción pensaron que se trataba de una emisión real de noticias, lo cual provocó el pánico en las calles de Nueva York y Nueva Jersey (donde supuestamente se habrían originado los informes). La comisaría de policía y las redacciones de noticias estaban bloqueadas por las llamadas de oyentes aterrorizados y desesperados que intentaban protegerse de los ficticios ataques con gas de los marcianos.
La histeria colectiva demostró el poder de los medios de comunicación de masas, y este curioso episodio también catapultó a la cima la carrera de Welles. Hay que recordar, eso sí, que la histeria se produce también por el contexto de la época: pre Segunda Guerra Mundial, el “avance” del comunismo hacia el mundo occidental, y la división bipolar del mundo, entre un occidente dominado por los Estados Unidos, y un oriente bajo el gobierno marxista de la entonces Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas (URRS) El programa duró casi 59 minutos: los primeros cuarenta correspondieron al falso noticiario, que terminaba con el locutor en la azotea de la CBS falleciendo a causa de los gases y seguía con la narración en tercera persona del profesor Pearson (Orson Welles), que describía la muerte de los invasores.
Muchos años después, en 1998 y con motivo del 60 aniversario de la histórica transmisión de La guerra de los mundos, dos emisoras de radio, una en Portugal y otra en México, emularon a Orson Welles transmitiendo de nuevo una versión contemporánea, con los mismos resultados entre los radioyentes, 60 años después. En México, la emisora de radio XEART, la señal 152 en el estado central de Morelos, fue la que transmitió una de las versiones, producida y adaptada por el divulgador científico mexicano Andrés Eloy Martínez Rojas , con gran éxito. El gobierno de México procedió, ante los rumores generados, a una búsqueda exhaustiva de los restos de un supuesto meteorito. También hay información de una transmisión hecha en Ecuador, con resultados similares. Cabe señalar que Arthur C. Clarke, en su obra 2001: Una odisea en el espacio, escrita en 1966, narra en forma retrospectiva en la novela (ubicada en el año 2001) la realización de dos dramatizaciones más de la historia de H.G.Wells, con lo que de manera casual se cumplió tal profecía, entonces futurista. El Diario La Vaguardia de España publica hoy el siguiente artículo, con una interesante repetición que se hará hoy del radioteatro. Sin duda, no se producirá el mismo efecto, pero es notable que a 70 años del fenómeno, aún se siga estudiando como uno de los principales efectos de la radio:
La guerra de los mundos’ de Orson Welles toma hoy la radio española ALICIA RODRÍGUEZ DE PAZ - Madrid - 30/10/2008 La recreación se puede seguir en directo en Radio 3 y webs de las cadenas participantes Hace 70 años, justo antes de Halloween, Orson Welles (1915-1985) sembró el pánico en las calles de Nueva York y Nueva Jersey con una adaptación para la radio de La guerra de los mundos.Esta noche, a las 21 horas, 25 voces de la radio española, entre ellas Luis del Olmo, Primitivo Rojas y Juan Ramón Lucas, interpretarán en directo desde un teatro de Madrid esta dramatización de la obra de H. G. Wells emitida en su día por la CBS. La iniciativa ha sido impulsada por la Academia de las Artes y las Ciencias Radiofónicas de España y cuenta con el apoyo de Radio Nacional, la Ser, la Cope, Punto Radio, Onda Cero, Radio Intereconomía y Onda Madrid. Los oyentes podrán seguir la retransmisión íntegra de la obra, de una hora de duración, a través de Radio 3 o las conexiones en directo que realizarán las cadenas radiofónicas que participan en la propuesta. Los internautas también tienen la posibilidad de escucharlo en el portal de RTVE y a través de las webs del resto de radios. Con este homenaje a la adaptación de Welles, la academia también pretende celebrar cada 30 de octubre el día de la radio.
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